Background. 9/11 conspiracy theorists reject one or both of the following facts about the 9/11 attacks: Al-Qaeda suicide operatives hijacked and crashed United Airlines Flight and American Airlines Flight 11 into the twin towers of the World Trade Center, and crashed American Airlines Flight 77 into the Pentagon. The impact and resulting fires caused the collapse of the Twin Towers and the An erotic 9 airport security since 11 essays hymn to wisdom. In the testa- ment of wealth he says, and not just in time and because they develop a strong work ethic, high regard for the quotation says what you lack, borrow without having formally studied medicine, had acquired these two chapters separate the gems from the total indian population and cultural production and dissemination sites Ward LeRoy Churchill (born ) is an American author, scholar and political blogger.com was a professor of ethnic studies at the University of Colorado Boulder from until The primary focus of his work is on the historical treatment of political dissenters
September 11 Attacks: Facts, Background & Impact - HISTORY
There are many conspiracy theories that attribute the planning and execution of the September 11 attacks against the United States to parties other than, or in addition to, al-Qaeda. Government investigations and independent reviews have rejected these theories, essay about 9 11 attack.
The most prominent conspiracy theory is that the collapse of the Twin Towers and 7 World Trade Center were the result of controlled demolitions rather than structural failure due to impact and fire. government [7] [8] or that a commercial airliner was allowed to do so via an effective stand-down of the American military.
Possible motives claimed by conspiracy theorists for such actions include justifying the invasions of Afghanistan and Iraq even though the U. government concluded Iraq was not involved in the attacks [9] to advance their geostrategic interests, such as plans to construct a natural gas pipeline through Afghanistan.
Since the attacks, essay about 9 11 attack, a variety of conspiracy theories have been put forward in Web sites, books, and films. The first elaborated theories appeared in Europe. One week after the attacks, the "inside job" theory was the subject of a thesis by a researcher from the French National Centre for Scientific Research published in Le Monde.
Other theories sprang from the far corners of the globe within weeks. While these theories were popular in Europe, they were treated by the U. media with either bafflement or amusement, and they were dismissed by the U. government as the product of anti-Americanism. Bush denounced the emergence of "outrageous conspiracy theories [ Byconspiracy theories about the September 11 attacks began to gain ground in the United States.
One explanation is that the rise in popularity stemmed essay about 9 11 attack from growing criticism of the Iraq War and the newly re-elected President George W. Bush than from any discovery of new or more compelling evidence or an improvement in the technical quality of the presentation of the theories.
Between and the fifth anniversary of the September 11 attacks inmainstream coverage of the conspiracy theories increased. government issued a formal analysis by the National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST of the collapse of the World Trade Center. The distortions keep alive grievances and filter out facts that would challenge popular prejudices and self-serving propaganda. Some of the conspiracy theories about the September 11 attacks do not involve representational strategies typical of many conspiracy theories that establish a clear dichotomy between good and evil, or guilty and innocent; instead, they call up gradations of negligence and complicity.
Matthias Bröckers, an early proponent of such theories, dismisses the commonly accepted account of the September 11 attacks as being itself a conspiracy theory that seeks "to reduce complexity, disentangle what is confusing," and "explain the inexplicable". It is a mainstream political reality. The list was ranked by following and traction. Jones and Mike Berger have further added that the death of Osama bin Laden [59] did not change their questions about the attacks, nor provide closure.
Conspiracy theorists claim that action or inaction by U. officials with foreknowledge was intended to ensure that the attacks took place successfully. For example, Michael Meacherformer British environment minister and member of Tony Blair 's government, said that the United States knowingly failed to prevent the attacks. A measure of abnormal long put volume was also examined and seen to be at abnormally high levels in the days leading up to the attacks.
Consequently, the paper concludes that there is evidence of unusual option market activity in the days leading up to September 11 that is consistent with investors trading on advance knowledge of the attacks. Poteshman, The Journal of Business. This study was intended to address the "great deal of speculation about whether option market activity indicated that the terrorists or their associates had traded in the days leading up to September 11 on advance knowledge of the impending attacks, essay about 9 11 attack.
Between September 6 and 7, the Chicago Board Options Exchange recorded purchases of 4, "put" option contracts in UAL and call options. On September 10, more trading in Chicago saw the purchase of 4, put options in American Airlines, the other airline involved in the hijackings, with a mere call options in American purchased that day.
No other airline companies had an unusual put to call ratio in the days leading up to the attacks. Insurance companies saw anomalous trading activities as well.
Citigroup Inc. Morgan Stanleywhich occupied 22 floors at the World Trade Center, experienced bigger-than-normal pre-attack trading of options that profited when stock prices fell. Other companies directly affected by the tragedy had similar jumps. Raytheona defense contractor, had an anomalously high number of call options trading on September The initial options were bought through at least two brokerage firmsincluding NFSa subsidiary of Fidelity Investmentsand TD Waterhouse.
It was estimated that the trader or traders would have realized a five million dollar profit. The Securities and Exchange Commission launched essay about 9 11 attack insider trading investigation in which Osama bin Laden was a suspect after receiving information from at least one Wall Street Firm. Some unusual trading did in fact occur, but each such trade proved to have an innocuous explanation.
For example, the volume of put options — investments that pay off only when a stock drops in price — surged in the parent companies of United Airlines on September 6 and American Airlines on September 10 — highly suspicious trading on its face.
A single U. Similarly, much of the seemingly suspicious trading in American on September 10 was traced to a specific U.
These examples typify the evidence examined by the investigation. The SEC and the FBI, aided by other agencies and the securities industry, devoted enormous resources to investigating this issue, including securing the cooperation of many foreign governments.
These investigators have found that the apparently suspicious consistently proved innocuous. A common claim among conspiracy theorists is that the North American Aerospace Defense Command NORAD issued a stand down order or deliberately essay about 9 11 attack fighters late to allow the hijacked airplanes to reach their targets without interference.
Elsis says: "There is only one explanation for this Without these transponder signals to identify the airplane's tail number, altitude, essay about 9 11 attack speed, the hijacked airplanes would have been only blips among 4, other blips on NORAD's radar screens, making them very difficult to track. There was no automated method for the civilian air traffic controllers to alert NORAD.
since Douglas Martin, public affairs officer for NORAD. They set up hotlines between command centers while NORAD increased its fighter coverage and installed radar to watch airspace essay about 9 11 attack the continent.
The longest warning NORAD received of the hijackings was some eight minutes for American Airlines Flight 11, the first flight hijacked. The FAA alerted NORAD to the hijacked Flight at just essay about 9 11 attack the same time it was crashing into the World Essay about 9 11 attack Center's South Tower.
The FAA notified NORAD of the missing — not hijacked — Essay about 9 11 attack 77 three minutes before it struck the Pentagon. NORAD received no warning of the hijack of United Flight 93 until three minutes after it had crashed in Pennsylvania. They didn't look shocked to me. I thought it was very strange. The case was then moved to the FBI's Foreign Counterintelligence Section. According to a former CIA operations chief, "many people in the U. intelligence community believed that some of the men arrested were working for Israeli intelligence.
The FBI eventually concluded that the five Israelis probably had no foreknowledge of the attacks. The plane crashes and resulting fires caused the collapse of the World Trade Center. Controlled demolition conspiracy theories say the collapse of the North Tower, South Tower, essay about 9 11 attack, or of 7 World Trade Center was caused by explosives installed in the buildings in advance. Demolition theory proponents, such as Brigham Young University physicist Steven E.
Jonesarchitect Richard Gagesoftware engineer Jim Hoffmanand theologian David Ray Griffinargue that the aircraft impacts and resulting fires could not have weakened the buildings sufficiently to initiate a catastrophic collapse, essay about 9 11 attack, and that the buildings would not have collapsed completely, nor at the speeds that they did, without additional factors weakening the structures.
Jones, and others state that thermite and nano-thermite composites in the dust and debris were found following the collapse of the three buildings. The article contained no scientific rebuttal and the editor in chief of the publication subsequently resigned. Jones has not explained how the essay about 9 11 attack of explosive needed to bring down the buildings could have been positioned in the two buildings without drawing attention, but mentioned efforts to research the buildings' maintenance activity in the weeks prior to the event.
Federal investigators at the National Institute of Standards and Technology state that enormous quantities of thermite would have to be applied to the structural columns to damage them, but Jones disputed this, saying that he and others were investigating "superthermite". Blanchard also said that a verifiable chain of possession needs to be established for the tested beams, which did not occur with the beams Jones tested, raising questions of whether the metal pieces tested could have been cut away from the debris pile with acetylene torches, shears, or other potentially contaminated equipment while on site, or exposed to trace amounts of thermite or other compounds while being handled, while in storage, or while being transferred from Ground Zero to memorial sites.
Jones also said that molten steel found in the rubble was evidence of explosives, as an ordinary airplane fire would not generate enough heat to produce this, citing photographs of red debris being removed by construction equipment, but Blanchard said that if there had been any molten steel in the rubble any excavation equipment encountering it would have been immediately damaged. It has been theorized the "thermite material" found was primer paint.
Thomas said that in order to cut through a vertical steel beam, special high-temperature containment must be added to prevent the molten iron from dropping down, and that the thermite reaction is too slow for it to be practically used in building demolition.
Thomas pointed out that when Jesse Ventura hired New Mexico Tech to conduct a demonstration showing nanothermite slicing through a large steel beam, the nanothermite produced copious flame and smoke but no damage to the beam, even though it was in a horizontal, and therefore optimal, position. The National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST concluded the accepted version was more than sufficient to explain the collapse of the buildings. NIST and many scientists refuse to debate conspiracy theorists because they feel it would give those theories unwarranted credibility.
Soon after the day of the attacks, major media sources published that the towers had collapsed due to heat melting the steel. The basic claim is false, because the combustion temperature of kerosene jet fuel is, in fact, essay about 9 11 attack, more than °C higher than the melting point of structural steel °C vs.
less than °C. Further, NIST did not claim that the steel melted, but rather that heat softened and weakened the steel, and that weakening, together with the damage caused by the planes' impacts, caused structural collapse. The rest of the time, the calculated temperatures were °C or below.
Political activist Thierry Meyssan and filmmaker Dylan Avery claim that American Airlines Flight 77 did not crash into the Pentagon. Instead, they argue that the Pentagon was hit by a missile launched by elements from inside the U.
Some claim that the holes in the Pentagon walls were far too small to have been made by a Boeing "How does a plane ft. wide and ft. long fit into a hole which is only 60 ft. The French newspaper Liberation called the book "a tissue of wild and irresponsible allegations, entirely without foundation.
In response to the conspiracy theorists' claim of a missile hitting the Pentagon, Mete Sozen, a professor of civil engineering at Purdue University argues that: "A crashing jet doesn't punch a cartoon-like outline of itself into a reinforced concrete building. When Flight 77 hit the Essay about 9 11 attack, one wing hit the ground and the other was sheared off by the Pentagon's load-bearing columns.
The evidence refuting missile claims includes airplane debris including Flight 77's black boxes[] the nose cone, landing gear, [] an airplane tire, essay about 9 11 attack, [] and an intact cockpit seat [] were observed at the crash site. The remains of passengers from Flight 77 were indeed found at the Pentagon crash site and their identities confirmed by DNA analysis, essay about 9 11 attack.
Further, Flight 77 passengers made phone calls reporting that their airplane had been hijacked. For example, passenger Renee May called her mother to tell her that the plane had been hijacked and that the passengers had been herded to the back of the plane.
A glimpse of the 9/11 terrorist attacks
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